The wedding was considered to be a political event as Udai Singh after surrendering his territory to Akbar had promised to give his daughter for the wedding which was considered to be a sign of loyalty towards the emperor. Jagat Gosain was considered to be one of his beloved wives. She was known for her beauty, intelligence, wit, and courage. The couple was blessed with three children of which two daughters died while they were infants. On July 7, , he went on and married Malika Shikhar Begam who was the princess of Kashgar, and also married the daughter of Raja Rai Singh in the same month.
He married Sahib Jamal in October who later gave birth to two children - a son named Sultan Parviz and a daughter who died while she was young. Later he married the Rajput princess of Jaisalmer known as Malika Jahan. Zohra began, the daughter of Mirza Sanjar Hazara was married by Jahangir in October and the following year he married Karamnasi Begum who was the princess of Mertia.
On January 11, , he married Kanwal Rani and then followed up with another marriage with the daughter of Hussain Chak of Kashmir. Jahangir then married Khas Mahal on June 28, who became the empress when Jahangir ascended the throne. His life wife was Mehr-un-Nisa also known as Nur Jahan who became his twentieth wife and she was his favorite wife. Nur Jahan had the wielded influence over the administration of the Mughal empire and was considered very powerful at the court.
She had a big influence on Jahangir and thereby had a direct influence on the affairs of the empire. She was very actively involved in the political and military affairs of the empire. She was also very well known for her ability to lead the armed forces whenever required. Jahangir was very good at strategizing and strengthening the Mughal empire but Jahangir was very much interested in arts, especially painting. During his reign of 25 years, the emperor commissioned many paintings which included several portraits of himself.
Because of his interest in paintings, the Mughal paintings flourished and it provided an opportunity for many artists to show their talent to the emperor and empress. Jahangir was greatly influenced by European paintings and architecture.
Jahangir also took advice from various English ambassadors to oversee the paintings. He encouraged many artists in his court to paint his real-life portraits, the birds, animals, and flowers. Jahangir encouraged art and welcomed artists from all across the world to present their talent in the Mughal court.
The rebellion was soon put down; Khusraw was brought before his father in chains. Arjun was executed, causing a permanent deterioration of relations between the Mughal empire and the Sikhs.
Jahangir's dealings with the Hindu rulers of Rajasthan were more successful, and he could settle the conflicts inherited from his father. Three military campaigns led to negotiations and were settled on generous terms. The Hindu rulers accepted Mughal supremacy but kept their territories and possessions and were given high ranks in the Mughal aristocracy.
Jahangir built on his father's foundations of excellent administration, and his reign was characterized by political stability, a strong economy and impressive cultural achievments. Lahore, Delhi, Agra and Ahmadabad became leading cities of the world.
Jahangir enjoyed the distractions of the court and his harem and was a heavy drinker and regular user of opium.
From a young age he showed a leaning towards painting and had an atelier of his own. Internal disturbances in India prompted the Shah of Persia to make a bid for the fortress of Kandahar. Owing to its strategic and commercial importance, the fort was a bone of contention between Persia and India during the middle ages. Though Akbar had recovered it in , it had again passed into Persian hands.
Three attempts were made to recapture the fortress, but the Mughal armies were unsuccessful. These repeated failures had diminished the prestige of the Empire. In pursuance of his father's policy of imperialism, Jahangir aimed at the conquest of the entire country. In , he sent his second son to reduce Rana Amar Singh, a Hindu ruler, to submission. It was not easy to conquer the great fort of Chittor. In , the Emperor sent another force. Eventually a treaty of peace was signed in Because the Rana recognized the suzerainty of Jahangir, the Mughal emperor restored all his territory, including Chittor.
Jahangir's treaty is a landmark in the history of the relations between Mewar and Delhi. No ruler of the Sishodia dynasty had ever before openly professed allegiance to a Mughal ruler and a long-drawn struggle came to an end. Subsequently, Jahangir placed two lifesize marble statues of the Rana and his son in the gardens of his palace at Agra.
By granting generous terms and adopting a conciliatory policy, Jahangir secured Mewar's loyalty for the empire which lasted until his grandson's Emperor Aurangzeb policy alienated Rana Raj Singh. Jahangir's Deccan policy was a continuation of that of Akbar's which, following ancient Hindu traditions, treated the north and south as indivisible parts of one country.
It was the emperor's desire to annex Ahmadnagar and, if possible, the two remaining independent states of Bijapur and Golkunda. Jahangir placed his son, Prince Khurram, in command of his army in and ordered him to lead a number of campaigns against Rajput forces in Mewar and Kanga, and the Deccani sultanates of Ahmadnagar, Bijapur, and Golkonda.
The long siege of Kanga was brought to a successful end in This was the most notable military achievement of Jahangir's reign, prompting him to visit the place of conquest and build mosques there. The complete success of the Mughal army over the forces of Ahmadnagar was not possible, however, owing in part to the strength of the Deccan kingdom and in part to the inferiority of Mughal weapons.
Not only did Ahmadnagar defy the Mughal advance, but successful opposition came from an able Abyssinian named Malik Ambar, a former slave, who prepared for a war by training the mountaineers of Maharasthra in guerrilla tactics later perfected by the great Hindu ruler Shivaji to the despair of Emperor Aurangzeb.
But the Deccan was far from conquered. The most important development in the first half of Jahangir's reign had been the rise of his favorite wife Nur Jahan "Light of the World" and the emergence of this third son Khurram whose mother was a Rajput princess. Nur Jahan was a lady of great energy and many talents.
Because of her, Persian poets and artists, architects, and musicians flocked to the Mughal court at Agra. She became an effective political power in India. But Shah Jahan was the leading contender for his father's mantle, and Nur Jahan resented his growing influence.
Nur Mahal's first step was simply to persuade the suggestible Jahangir that Shah Jahan should leave court, get away from the center of affairs, and return to military service against rival kings in the Deccan.
Shah Jahan accepted the commission in ill grace, and took with him Khusrau, who had remained popular despite his rebellion and had a strong claim to the throne. Hearing that Jahangir's health was worsening and that his death was imminent, Shah Jahan's first act was to kill this brother, who would otherwise have become the center of a rival faction.
In , Shah Jahan marched in open rebellion toward Agra. At Nur Mahal's behest an imperial army set out to track down Shah Jahan's forces, but the shrewd prince evaded his pursuers rather than meet them at a military disadvantage.
The rebellious Shah Jahan was chased around southeast India for three years before finally agreeing to return to his father's fold. Meanwhile, Jahangir held an impressive court. For one thing, he was fond of religious discourse. Once again, Hindu festivals like Rakhi, Dasahra, etc. Because of his father, Jahangir had come in contact with the Jesuits at an early age and treated them with great courtesy. He was too good a Muslim and too proud a Mughal, however, to convert to Christianity as they had hoped.
The veneration he showed to the paintings of Jesus and Mary was due to his passion for works of art. Though in the spirit of the times there were incidents of fanaticism, for the most part Jahangir followed the policy of Akbar in showing general tolerance for Christianity and contributing large sums for the erection of churches.
Soon the Jesuit mission at the Mughal court assumed the character and functions of an embassy with the intention of outplaying the English and furthering the interests of the Portuguese. But Portuguese power, owing to its contempt for orientals, was already on the decline. The English seized the opportunity and made a significant impression on Jahangir. English trade was then secured. Though the emperor was impressed, the Portuguese effectively prevented Hawkins from gaining any tangible success from his mission.
In , came the aforementioned Sir Thomas Roe, England's first official ambassador to India, who tried to secure from the Mughal ruler a trade agreement for the young East India Company.
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