Where is the enriquillo plantain garden fault

Black circles mark earthquake locations determined by the U. Geological Survey, and circle sizes correspond with quake magnitudes.

Dozens of aftershocks followed the main quake. Red lines indicate fault lines. The epicenter of the quake appears just south of the Enriquillo-Plaintain Garden Fault, the southernmost of two major east-west-trending faults that bear the stress of the convergence of the Caribbean and North America tectonic plates in this location.

In this case, the presence of the fault is indicated by long, straight valley cutting through southern Haiti, just south of Port-Au-Prince. The Enriquillo-Plaintain Garden Fault is a strike-slip type fault, with the Caribbean plate moving eastward with respect to the North America plate.

Caption by Michon Scott and Rebecca Lindsey. A long valley reveals the location of the Enriquillo-Plaintain Garden Fault in southern Haiti, the site of a deadly earthquake in mid-January Image of the Day Land Earthquakes. I review some unsolved problems in Caribbean active tectonics. At the individual fault scale: 1 determine the mode of termination of large and active strike -slip faults and application of the STEP model Septentrional, Polochic, El Pilar, Bocono, Santa Marta-Bucaramanaga ; 2 improve the understanding of the earthquake potential on the Enriquillo-Plantain Garden fault zone given "off- fault " events such as the Haiti earthquake; how widespread is this behavior?

McHugh, C. The offshore segment of the EPGF is manifested by two steep, m high linear ridges and at least two subsurface faults. The submarine EPGF is part of a transition from releasing to restraining segment. To the east, it joins its onshore trace in a releasing bend and continues to the west in a restraining bend that perhaps caused the Tapion ridge.

Coral uplift NE and SW of offshore fault traces offer evidence of the January 12, surface deformation. While a seafloor rupture is not evident from the data collected we do image deformation within the upper 20 m in both bays.

Th and Be-7 with half-lives of 24 and 53 days, respectively verified the January 12 turbidite and indicated an influx of terrigenous sediment mixed with marine sources.

The sandy parts of all cores recovered from Canal du Sud depocenter have alternate episodes of traction deposition and erosion that reflect. Cormier, M. Together, these faults bound the Gonave microplate, an elongated platelet caught between the North America plate and Caribbean plates. The Septentrional fault ruptured in , devastating the town of Cap Haitien.

Tsunamis were associated with both earthquakes. Oblique slip on these two faults is presumably controlling the history of uplift and subsidence of the seafloor, and has therefore also been regulating the water exchanges between the north central Atlantic and the Caribbean Sea. We anticipate that this survey will document the following: 1 The nature of drowned carbonate platforms, which in turn may provide useful markers to assess rates of vertical deformation along the two faults.

Altogether, the new findings should contribute to a better understanding of the. Hornbach, M. Uplift was generated because of the earthquake? We conclude that coastal strike-slip fault systems such as the Enriquillog- Plantain Garden fault produce relief conducive to rapid sedimentation, erosion and slope failure, so that even modest predominantly strike-slip earthquakes can cause potentially catastrophic slide-generated tsunamig-a risk that is underestimated at present.

Transpressional Tectonics across the N. Hearn, C. On January 12, , a Mw 7. That earthquake highlighted how transpression across this complex boundary is accommodated by slip partitioning into strike-slip and compressional structures.

Because the seismic hazard is higher for a rupture on a reverse or oblique-slip fault than on a vertical strike-slip fault , the need to characterize the geometry of that fault system is clear. Lake Azuei overlies this plate boundary 60 km east of the epicenter. This tectonic context makes it an ideal target for investigating the partitioning of plate motion between strike-slip and compressional structures.

The MCS data were acquired using a high-frequency BubbleGun source and a 75 m-long, channel streamer, achieving a 24 seismic fold with a penetration of m below lakebed. With the goal of resolving tectonic structures in 3-D, survey lines were laid out in a grid with profiles spaced 1. Additional profiles were acquired at the SE end of the lake where most of the tectonic activity is presumably occurring. Preliminary processing suggests that a SW-dipping blind thrust fault , expressed updip as a large monocline fold, may control the western edge of the lake.

Interactive terrain visualization enables virtual field work during rapid scientific response to the Haiti earthquake. Cowgill, Eric; Bernardin, Tony S. The moment magnitude Mw 7. Here, we describe the use of virtual reality data visualization to analyze massive amounts 67 GB on disk of multiresolution terrain data during the rapid scientific response to a major natural disaster. Virtual field observations indicated that the geomorphic evidence of active faulting and ancient surface rupture varies along strike.

Landform offsets of 6—50 m along the Enriquillo— Plantain Garden fault east of the epicenter and closest to Port-au-Prince attest to repeated recent surface-rupturing earthquakes there.

In the west, the fault trace is well defined by displaced landforms, but it is not as clear as in the east. Based on the geometry of the eastern and western faults that show evidence of recent surface rupture, we propose that the Role of the offshore Pedro Banks left-lateral strike-slip fault zone in the plate tectonic evolution of the northern Caribbean.

In this study we use 5, km of industry and academic data from the Nicaraguan Rise south and southwest of the EPGFZ in the maritime areas of Jamaica, Honduras, and Colombia to define an offshore, km-long, active, left-lateral strike-slip fault in what has previously been considered the stable interior of the Caribbean plate as determined from plate-wide GPS studies.

The fault was named by previous workers as the Pedro Banks fault zone because a km-long segment of the fault forms an escarpment along the Pedro carbonate bank of the Nicaraguan Rise.

Two fault segments of the PBFZ are defined: the km-long eastern segment that exhibits large negative flower structures km in width, with faults segments rupturing the sea floor as defined by high resolution 2D seismic data, and a km-long western segment that is defined by a narrow zone of anomalous seismicity first observed by previous workers. The western end of the PBFZ terminates on a Quaternary rift structure, the San Andres rift, associated with Plio-Pleistocene volcanism and thickening trends indicating initial rifting in the Late Miocene.

The southern end of the San Andreas rift terminates on the western Hess fault which also exhibits active strands consistent with left-lateral, strike-slip faults. Our interpretation is similar to previous models that have proposed the "stable" western Caribbean plate is broken by this fault whose rate of displacement is less than the threshold.

We analyze P-waveforms arriving at 27 broadband seismic temporary stations deployed along a km-long N-S transect across Haiti, during the Trans-Haiti project. Three distinctive crustal domains are imaged. We relate these domains to crustal terranes that have been accreted along the plate boundary during the northeastwards displacement of the CA plate.

We propose a N-S crustal profile across Haiti accounting for the surface geology, shallow structural history and these new seismological constraints. Local seismicity recorded by the temporary network from April to June is used to relocate the seismicity.

A total of events were identified with magnitudes ranging from 1. Moment tensors for earthquakes with magnitudes between 3 and 4 were calculated by full waveform inversion using the ISOLA software. The analysis of the new moment tensors for the Haiti upper lithosphere indicates that normal, thrust and strike-slip faulting are equitably distributed. Most of the normal events are located in the area of Enriquillo and Azuei lakes, while the thrust events are located on both sides of the southern Peninsula of Haiti.

The preliminary seismic data of our Haitian network, even noisy. Effects of uniquely processed cowpea and plantain flours on wheat bread properties. Flours from plantains processed as follows: unblanched plantains dried at 60 degrees C PLC , so Subbottom seismic profiling survey of Lake Azuei, Haiti: Seismic signature of paleo-shorelines in a transpressional environment and possible tectonic implications.

Sloan, H. GPS measurements indicate that relative motion evolves from nearly pure strike-slip in western Haiti to highly transpressional near Lake Azuei in eastern Haiti, where the EPGF may terminate against a south-dipping oblique reverse fault. Because the lake has no outlet to the sea, its level is sensitive to variations in precipitation and is thought to have fluctuated by 10's of meters during the Holocene.

A rise of 5 m over the past 10 years has had a devastating impact, submerging villages, farmland, and roads. A grid of high-resolution 10 cm subbottom seismic CHIRP profiles acquired in January captures the subtle signature of the 5 m-deep shoreline and also images a prominent paleo-shoreline at 10 m water depth.

This 10 m paleo-shoreline is well expressed in the CHIRP data suggesting it was occupied for a long period of time. It is buried beneath a thin Dairy cows increase ingestive mastication and reduce ruminative chewing when grazing chicory and plantain.

Although the nutritive value of chicory Cichorium intybus L. The objective of the present study was to assess and describe the grazing behavior of dairy cows as affected by dietary proportions of chicory and plantain fed as monocultures for part of the day. Four focal animals per group were equipped with 3-dimensional motion sensors, which provided the number of steps taken at each minute of the day. These cows were also fitted with automatic jaw-movement recorders that identified bites, mastication during ingestion, chewing during rumination, and determined grazing, rumination and idling times and bouts.

Compared with perennial ryegrass, as the dietary proportion of chicory and plantain increased, cows spent more time idling and less time ruminating. Lake Azuei is a large 10 km x 25 km and shallow faults control much of the periphery of the lake.

A few sediment cores were strategically located where beds are pinching out in order to maximize stratigraphic. Phenolic profiling in the pulp and peel of nine plantain cultivars Musa sp. The present study investigated the phenolic profiles of the pulp and peel of nine plantain cultivars and compared them to those of two dessert bananas of commercial interest Grand Nain and Gros Michel , alongside a newly created hybrid, resistant to black sigatoka disease F Hydroxycinnamic acids, particularly ferulic acid-hexoside with 4.

Flavonol glycosides were predominant in plantain peels, rutin A principal component analysis on the whole data revealed that the phenolic profiles of the hybrid, the dessert bananas and the pure plantains differed from each other. Plantain pulps and peels appeared as good sources of phenolics, which could be involved in the health benefits associated with their current applications.

Chicangana, G. This situation was originated of a new subduction development of the Nazca - Cocos plates toward the south and the west of the Panama arc; when this happened, the evolution of the Present - day configuration of the Nazca plate and Galapagos Spreading Center started.

This last mobility produces the cortical diffuse seismicity that we are showing here. Impact of okra Abelmoschus esculentus seed flour on nutrients, functional properties and zinc bioavailability of plantain flour. In Nigeria, nursing mothers are advised to give their infants plantain flour paste 'amala ogede' with 'ewedu' Corchorus olitorius soup during the process of weaning. Over-matured okra is typically discarded resulting in substantial post-harvest waste; the seed could be processed into okra seed flour for the fortification of plantain flour.

The aim of this study is to evaluate the effect of the addition of okra seed flour on the nutrients, functional properties, minerals and zinc bioavailability of plantain flour. Okra seed flour was used to fortify plantain flour in the ratio , and The addition of okra seed flour to the plantain flour resulted in a significant increase in the protein, fat, fibre and ash content of the fortified plantain flour, while that of moisture and carbohydrate decreased.

The mineral levels of Zn, K and Fe increased significantly while the calcium content decreased. The study showed that fortifying plantain flour with okra seed flour resulted in an increase in several nutrients, rendering the zinc more bioavailable.

This fortified food has potential as a complimentary food in Nigeria. Functional properties of plantain , cowpea flours and oat fiber in extruded products.

Drying effect on functional properties of two plantain and cowpea varieties and suitability of their flour blends in extruded snacks was determined. The functional and rheological behaviors of plantain : cowpea : , , , and blends were evaluated. The extrusion product melt Using calculated stress changes to faults surrounding the January 12, , rupture on the Enriquillo Fault , and the current January 12 to 26, aftershock productivity, scientists from the U.

The probability of such a quake on the Port-au-Prince section of the Enriquillo Fault is about 2 percent, and the probability for the section to the west of the January 12, , rupture is about 1 percent. The stress changes on the Septentrional Fault in northern Haiti are much smaller, although positive. Field resistance of transgenic plantain to nematodes has potential for future African food security.

PubMed Central. Application of nematicides is inappropriate and resistant cultivars are unavailable. Where grown, demand for plantain is more than for other staple crops. Confined field testing demonstrated that transgenic expression of a biosafe, anti-feedant cysteine proteinase inhibitor and an anti-root invasion, non-lethal synthetic peptide confers resistance to plantain against the key nematode pests Radopholus similis and Helicotylenchus multicinctus.

This is strong evidence for utilizing this resistance to support the future food security of 70 million, mainly poor Africans that depend upon plantain as a staple food.

Dietary fibre components and pectin chemical features of peels during ripening in banana and plantain varieties. The effects of the ripeness stage of banana Musa AAA and plantain Musa AAB peels on neutral detergent fibre, acid detergent fibre, cellulose, hemicelluloses, lignin, pectin contents, and pectin chemical features were studied. Plantain peels contained a higher amount of lignin but had a lower hemicellulose content than banana peels.

A sequential extraction of pectins showed that acid extraction was the most efficient to isolate banana peel pectins, whereas an ammonium oxalate extraction was more appropriate for plantain peels. In all the stages of maturation, the pectin content in banana peels was higher compared to plantain peels. Moreover, the galacturonic acid and methoxy group contents in banana peels were higher than in plantain peels. The average molecular weights of the extracted pectins were in the range of This study has showed that banana peels are a potential source of dietary fibres and pectins.

Scanning electron microscopy showed composites had a smooth surface and excellent compatibility between plantain flour, EVA and glycerol. The impact of increased plantain fl Quantitative proteomic analysis reveals that antioxidation mechanisms contribute to cold tolerance in plantain Musa paradisiaca L.

Banana and its close relative, plantain are globally important crops and there is considerable interest in optimizing their cultivation. Plantain has superior cold tolerance compared with banana and a thorough understanding of the molecular mechanisms and responses of plantain to cold stress has great potential value for developing cold tolerant banana cultivars.

In this study, we used iTRAQ-based comparative proteomic analysis to investigate the temporal responses of plantain to cold stress. A total of plantain proteins were identified, of which showed differential expression from the three treatments.

The majority of differentially expressed proteins were predicted to be involved in oxidation-reduction, including oxylipin biosynthesis, whereas others were associated with photosynthesis, photorespiration, and several primary metabolic processes, such as carbohydrate metabolic process and fatty acid beta-oxidation.

Western blot analysis and enzyme activity assays were performed on seven differentially expressed, cold-response candidate plantain proteins to validate the proteomics data.

Similar analyses of the seven candidate proteins were performed in cold-sensitive banana to examine possible functional conservation, and to compare the results to equivalent responses between the two species. Consistent results were achieved by Western blot and enzyme activity assays, demonstrating that the quantitative proteomics data collected in this study are reliable.

Our results suggest that an increase of antioxidant capacity through adapted ROS scavenging capability, reduced production of ROS, and decreased lipid peroxidation contribute to molecular mechanisms for the increased cold tolerance in plantain.

To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of a global investigation on molecular responses of plantain to cold stress by. Tectonic tremors have been observed along major plate-boundary faults around the world. In most of these regions, tremors occur spontaneously i.

Because tremors are located below the seismogenic zone, a detailed study of their behavior could help to better understand how tectonic movement is accommodated in the deep root of major faults , and the relationship with large earthquakes.

Following the January mainshock, several groups have installed land and ocean bottom seismometers to record aftershock activity e. We apply a Hz band-pass filter to all seismograms to identify local high-frequency signals during the Chile teleseismic waves. Tremor is identified as non-impulsive bursts with s durations that is coherent among different stations and is modulated by surface waves.

We also convert the seismic data into audible sounds and use them to distinguish between local aftershocks and deep tremor. We locate the source of the tremor bursts using an envelope cross-correlation method based on travel time differences. Because tremor depth is not well constrained with this method, we set it to 20 km, close to the recent estimate of Moho depth in this region McNamara et al.

Most tremors are located south of the surface expression of the Enriquillo-Plantain Garden Fault EPGF , a high-angle southward dipping left-lateral strike-slip fault that marks the boundary between the Gonave microplate and the Caribbean plate, although the location errors are large. Tremor peaks are mostly modulated by Love wave velocity, which is consistent with left. Effects of pigeon pea and plantain starches on the compressional, mechanical, and disintegration properties of paracetamol tablets.

A study has been made of the effects of pigeon pea starch obtained from the plant Cajanus cajan L Millisp. Analysis of compressional properties was done by using density measurements, and the Heckel and Kawakita equations, whereas the mechanical properties of the tablets were evaluated by using tensile strength T--a measure of bond strength and brittle fracture index BFI--a measure of lamination tendency.

The bonding capacity of the formulations was in general agreement with the tensile strength results. The disintegration time DT of the formulation increased with concentration of plantain and corn starches but decreased with concentration of pigeon pea starch. The general ranking of DT values was plantain Plantain. Screening of plantain hybrids for resistance to Raoiella indica Acari: Tenuipalpidae and use of a systemic acaricide to control the mite. Sixteen clones of plantain were screened for resistance to red palm mite RPM , Raoiella indica Hirst.

The plantain clones were established in 5kg pots with ten replicates. Mite infestation was carried out by introducing highly infested potted coconut palms between the plantain pots Gardening for All: The Accessible Garden. Revised Edition. This pamphlet presents some innovative thoughts and suggestions to make gardening an "accessible" activity for any gardener , able-bodied or disabled.

For gardeners with special needs, workability of the garden must take precedence over a conventional garden design. Designs to consider include raised bed gardens , garden containers such as whiskey…. Ripening influences banana and plantain peels composition and energy content. Musa sp. A study of the influence of the variety and the maturation stage of the fruit on fermentability and metabolisable energy ME content of the peels was performed using banana Yangambi Km5 and plantain Big Ebanga peels at three stages of maturation in an in vitro model of the rumen.

Peel samples were analysed for starch, free sugars and fibre composition. Samples were incubated in the presence of rumen fluid. Kinetics of gas production were modelled, ME content was calculated using prediction equation and short-chain fatty acids production and molar ratio were measured after 72 h of fermentation.

Final gas production was higher in plantain ml g -1 compared to banana ml g -1 and plantain exhibited higher ME contents 8. Butyrate molar ratio decreased with maturity of the peels.

The main influence of the variety and the stage of maturation on all fermentation parameters as well as ME contents of the peels was correlated to changes in the carbohydrate fraction of the peels, including starch and fibre. Pesticide application practices, pest knowledge, and cost-benefits of plantain production in the Bribri-Cabecar Indigenous Territories, Costa Rica. Polidoro, Beth A. The use of pesticides in the cultivation of cash crops such as banana and plantain is increasing, in Costa Rica and worldwide.

Agrochemical use and occupational and environmental exposures in export banana production have been documented in some parts of Central America. However, the extent of agrochemical use, agricultural pest knowledge, and economic components in plantain production are largely unknown in Costa Rica, especially in remote, high-poverty areas such as the Bribri-Cabecar Indigenous Territories.

Our objective was to integrate a rapid rural appraisal of indigenous farmer pesticide application practices and pest knowledge with a cost-benefit analysis of plantain production inmore » the Bribri-Cabecar Indigenous Territories, for the development of better agricultural management practices and improved regulatory infrastructure.

A cost-benefit analysis conducted with a separate group of 26 plantain farmers identified several national markets and one export market for plantain production in the Indigenous Territories. Farmers applied an average of 9. Impact of resistant starch in three plantain Musa AAB products on glycaemic response of healthy volunteers.

Plantains can be eaten in various forms providing a good opportunity to study the effect of starch type on glycaemic response, and so three products differing in their types of available carbohydrate and contents of resistant starch were tested. Boiled unripe plantain BUP , boiled unripe plantain crisps BUPC , ripe raw plantain RRP and white bread as reference all 25 g available carbohydrate portion were given to ten pre-screened healthy individuals.

Postprandial glycaemic responses and glycaemic indices GI were measured. The results show a potential link between RAG and GI, but the correlation is confounded by the presence of other constituents in the plantains. The purpose of this study is to investigate the correlations of the occurrence of landslides and the thicknesses of their erosion with topographic, geologic, and seismic parameters. A total of 30 landslides triggered by the earthquake covered a total area of These landslides are of various types, mostly belonging to shallow disrupted landslides and rock falls, but also include coherent deep-seated landslides and rock slides.

These landslides were delineated using pre- and post-earthquake high-resolution satellite images. Spatial distribution maps and contour maps of landslide number density, landslide area percentage, and landslide erosion thickness were constructed in order to analyze the spatial distribution patterns of co-seismic landslides.

Statistics of size distribution and morphometric parameters of co-seismic landslides were carried out and were compared with other earthquake events in the world.

Four proxies of co-seismic landslide abundance, including landslides centroid number density LCND , landslide top number density LTND , landslide area percentage LAP , and landslide erosion thickness LET were used to correlate co-seismic landslides with various environmental parameters. These parameters include elevation, slope angle, slope aspect, slope curvature, topographic position, distance from drainages, lithology, distance from the epicenter, distance from the Enriquillo-Plantain Garden fault , distance along the fault , and peak ground acceleration PGA.

A comparison of these impact parameters on co-seismic landslides shows that slope angle is the strongest impact parameter on co-seismic landslide occurrence.

Our co-seismic landslide inventory is much more detailed than other inventories in several. Landslides triggered by the 12 January Mw 7.

The purpose of this study is to investigate the correlations of the occurrence of landslides and their erosion thicknesses with topographic factors, seismic parameters, and their distance from roads.

These landslides were delineated using pre- and post-earthquake high-resolutions satellite images. Four proxies of co-seismic landslide abundance, including landslides centroid number density LCND , landslide top number density LTND , landslide area percentage LAP , and landslide erosion thickness LET were used to correlate co-seismic landslides with various landslide controlling parameters.

These controlling parameters include elevation, slope angle, slope aspect, slope curvature, topographic position, distance from drainages, lithology, distance from the epicenter, distance from the Enriquillo-Plantain Garden fault , distance along the fault , and peak ground acceleration PGA. Our co-seismic landslide inventory is much more.

Although unripe plantain Musa paradisiaca and ginger Zingiber officinale are used as single plants to manage diabetes mellitus in Nigeria, the possibility of combining them in a typical diabetic diet and the glycemic response elicited as a result of such combination has not been investigated.

To determine the effect of unripe plantain and ginger on serum total proteins, albumin, creatinine and urea levels of streptozotocin induced diabetic rats. Twenty four male albino rats were used and were divided into 4 groups of 6 rats each. Combination of unripe plantain and ginger at the ratio used in the management of renal dysfunction in diabetics was not very effective compared with unripe plantain alone.

Thermal sensitivity of some plantain micronutrients during deep-fat frying. The impact of deep-fat frying on the micronutrient content of plantain Musa AAB"barraganete" was evaluated during processing of plantain chips called "tostones. A nonisothermal kinetics analysis of the 1st-order reaction micronutrient degradation induced by deep-fat frying, particularly in terms of the spatial distribution of temperature, was proposed.

The kinetic parameters pre-exponential factor k 0, activation energy E a were identified by nonlinear optimization, minimizing the residual variance between the experimental and theoretical micronutrient content.

Agreement between model and experimental values was checked. During 1st and 2nd frying, potassium was well retained while carotenoid contents decreased significantly. Moreover, L-ascorbic acid contents decreased significantly, just during 2nd frying.

The behavior of the nutritional markers appears to be the consequence of the thermal and hydric histories of the crust and of the heart of the plantain disk related to heat transfer during preparation of the "tostones. The M7. As this event could represent the beginning of a new period of active seismicity in the region, and in consideration of how vulnerable the population is to earthquake damage, it is important to understand the nature of this event and how it has influenced seismic hazards in the region.

We varied friction and background stress to investigate the conditions that best explain observed surface deformations and why the rupture did not to jump to the nearby Enriquillo fault. We also investigated the potential ground shaking level in this region if a rupture similar to the Mw 7.

We used a finite element method and assumptions on regional stress to simulate low frequency dynamic rupture propagation for the segment of the Enriquillo fault closer to the capital. The high-frequency ground motion components were calculated using the specific barrier model, and the hybrid synthetics were obtained by combining the low-frequencies 1Hz from the stochastic simulation using matched filtering at a crossover frequency of 1 Hz.

The average horizontal peak ground acceleration, computed at several sites of interest through Port-au-Prince the capital , has a value of 0. Finally, we investigated the 3D local tomography of this region. We considered high-quality records from the earthquake catalog as recorded by. To determine the effect of unripe plantain Musa paradisiaca and ginger Zingiber officinale on blood glucose BG , feed intake FI and weight of streptozotocin STZ induced diabetic rats.

The weights and FI of the rats were measured daily throughout the experimentation. Groups 3 and 4 rats had Combination of unripe plantain and ginger at the dose used in the management of diabetes was not very effective compared with unripe plantain alone. Objective: To determine the effect of unripe plantain Musa paradisiaca and ginger Zingiber officinale on blood glucose BG , feed intake FI and weight of streptozotocin STZ induced diabetic rats.

Methods: Twenty four male albino rats were used and were divided into 4 groups of 6 rats each. Results: Groups 3 and 4 rats had Conclusion: Combination of unripe plantain and ginger at the dose used in the management of diabetes was not very effective compared with unripe plantain alone. Beneficial role of green plantain [Musa paradisiaca] in the management of persistent diarrhea: a prospective randomized trial. To evaluate the beneficial effects of green plantain -based diet on stool volume, frequency and weight gain as compared with a traditional yogurt-based diet in children with persistent diarrhea.

The control group was fed on a yogurt-based diet. Both groups were not statistically different at admission. Pathogens were isolated from stools in The experimental group fed on a green plantain diet had a significantly better response in: diminishing stool output and consistency p plantain -based diet group was 18 hours shorter p plantain in the dietary management of persistent diarrhea in hospitalized children, in relation to diarrheal duration, weight gain and costs. Private domestic gardens contribute substantially to the biodiversity of urban areas and benefit human health and well-being.

We previously reported a study of gardens across five cities in the United Kingdom in which variation in geographical and climatic factors had little bearing on the richness, diversity and composition of plant species. We therefore hypothesise that garden management is an important factor in determining garden characteristics. Here, from the same sample of gardens , we investigate potential associations between the uses to which people put their gardens , the types of management activities they undertake, and the characteristics of those gardens.

The majority of respondents used their gardens chiefly for relaxation, recreation, and eating. Fewer than one fifth included " gardening " amongst their garden uses even though all performed some garden management, suggesting that not all management activity resulted from an interest in gardening.

Garden -watering and lawn-mowing were the most prevalent activities and were predictors of other types of management including weeding, vegetation-cutting, leaf-collection, and dead-heading flowers. A number of these activities were associated with one another, the richness and composition of plant species, and the number of land uses in gardens.

However, relationships between management activities and the amount of tall vegetation were less consistent, and garden management appeared to be independent of garden area. More species of amphibians, birds, and mammals were observed in gardens with ponds and in which efforts were made to attract wildlife, particularly by providing drinking water.

This study supports the hypothesis that garden use and management is associated with garden characteristics. Urban domestic gardens : the effects of human interventions on garden composition. As part of a project that investigated the underwater impacts of the January 12, earthquake in Haiti, we surveyed offshore structures that may have been activated during that earthquake or that might become activated in future earthquakes.

Part of that survey focused on the shallow shelf area that extends north of the segment of the Enriquillo-Plantain Garden fault that just ruptured. This area is occupied by an elongated depression, 25 km long, 10 km wide, and m deep. We interpret that morphology to indicate antecedent karst topography that developed during previous glacial maxima. According to that scenario, the shallow basin off Port-au-Prince would have been isolated from the Caribbean Sea by the continuous platform, and would probably have been occupied by a lagoon.

Anglade, for invaluable assistance. We are indebted to R. Boyer, R. Arbouet, Jr. Chery for field assistance. We also thank L. Blair, R. Renaldo and N. UTIG contribution We thank S. Hough and M.

Tuttle for helpful and constructive criticism of earlier versions of this manuscript. US Geological Survey, S. You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar. All authors collected data in the field and contributed to data analysis and synthesis. Correspondence to C. Reprints and Permissions.

Seismic hazard of the Enriquillo—Plantain Garden fault in Haiti inferred from palaeoseismology. Nature Geosci 3, — Download citation. Received : 23 May Accepted : 27 September Published : 24 October Issue Date : November Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content:.

Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative. Journal of Seismology Natural Hazards Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering Advanced search. Skip to main content Thank you for visiting nature. Subjects Seismology Tectonics. Abstract The Enriquillo—Plantain Garden fault zone is recognized as one of the primary plate-bounding fault systems in Haiti 1 , 2.

Access through your institution. Buy or subscribe. Rent or Buy article Get time limited or full article access on ReadCube. Figure 1: Tectonic setting of the 12 January Haiti earthquake. Figure 5: Detailed topographic survey of small stream offsets at the Jean—Jean site. References 1 Mann, P. Article Google Scholar 2 Mann, P.