Arguably Chief Justice John Marshall's finest opinion, McCulloch not only gave Congress broad discretionary power to implement the enumerated powers, but also repudiated, in ringing language, the radical states' rights arguments presented by counsel for Maryland.
Although the Bank was controlled by private stockholders, it was the depository of federal funds. In addition, it had the authority to issue notes that, along with the notes of states' banks, circulated as legal tender. In return for its privileged position, the Bank agreed to loan the federal government money in lieu of taxes. State banks looked on the BUS as a competitor and resented its privileged position.
When state banks began to fail in the depression of , they blamed their troubles on the Bank. One such state was Maryland, which imposed a hefty tax on "any bank not chartered within the state. When the Bank's Baltimore branch refused to pay the tax, Maryland sued James McCulloch, cashier of the branch, for collection of the debt. McCulloch responded that the tax was unconstitutional. A state court ruled for Maryland, and the court of appeals affirmed.
McCulloch appealed to the U. Monroe's political skills helped solve the Missouri Crisis and preserve his own candidacy in the presidential election.
Vice President Tompkins will also serve a second term. Monroe signs the Military Establishment Act, forwarded by Secretary of War Calhoun, to reduce the Army's manpower by 40 percent to 6, men. The move reflects a shift in national priorities toward commerce and negotiation, and away from intimidation, as the primary tool of foreign policy.
In his last day in office, Monroe vetoes the Cumberland Road bill, which would extend construction of the interstate artery to Zanesville, Ohio. Monroe is concerned about the bill's constitutionality. Construction of the first federally financed interstate road began under Jefferson in and will continue under Adams's administration.
This proposal requires European powers to abstain from exchanging colonies or acquiring new possessions from Spain. During much of Monroe's administration, Spanish colonies in Latin America had broken free from the colonial power. When rumors began to circulate that Spain was going to try to reclaim her colonies with the help of her allies, the United States grew alarmed. By November , President Monroe had decided that the United States needed to issue a unilateral declaration in response to the prospect of the Spanish monarchy attempting to recover its colonial empire in the Americas.
Secretary of State John Quincy Adams was primarily responsible for the ideas and content concerning foreign policy in Monroe's annual address. The Monroe Doctrine contained several important, and previously unarticulated, ideas. Monroe first reiterated the traditional U. He then made it clear that the Americas were not open to recolonization nor were they to be the site of future European colonization.
Finally he argued that the Western Hemisphere was a distinct political sphere from that on the other side of the Atlantic Ocean.
The New World was a realm of republicanism, the Old World a realm of monarchy. Political affinities meant that the Americas had a separate and distinct set of interests from Europe. The European powers should not attempt to impose their form of government in the Americas, and the United States would, in turn, not involve itself in European politics. Furthermore, Monroe's message argued, the European powers should not attempt to turn American republics to serve their interests. The principles of the Monroe Doctrine met with a positive reception in Congress and with the general population.
While popular at the time, the Monroe Doctrine acquired greater significance with the passage of time. Presidents invoked the Monroe Doctrine in order to justify a number of actions, whether to limit the influence of a European power in Latin America, or to attempt to affect political outcomes within the Latin American states themselves.
This has been true of nineteenth-century Presidents, such as James Polk, and twentieth-century Presidents, notably Theodore Roosevelt. Although conceived as a response to a contemporary crisis, the Monroe Doctrine, reinterpreted by subsequent generations, proved to be a durable statement of the ideology and principles underlying American foreign policy.
Cherokee chiefs arrive in Washington, D. Originally siding with the Cherokee, Monroe will later reverse his stance on the issue. Monroe signs the General Survey Bill, departing from his opposition to congressionally sponsored internal improvements.
The United States Army Corps of Engineers prepare to produce surveys, plans, and estimates to improve navigation. Monroe subsequently purchases 1, shares of stock in the Chesapeake and Delaware Canal Co. Monroe signs the Tariff of into law, implementing protectionist measures in support of local manufactures and goods. Complaints arise in the South with cotton-growers fearful of British retaliation for the increase in price. Northern manufacturers are pleased with the law.
Following Congress's invitation, the Marquis de Lafayette, the inspirational liberal French philosopher, makes a lengthy visit to the United States. The visit commands national attention in the press and host cities for months. At sixty-seven, Monroe decides not to seek re-election in the presidential race -- a contest that is far more contentious than the previous one. Calhoun initially vie for nominations.
Unable to alter the demands of the Georgia congressional delegation, Monroe concedes that the only way to mitigate Indian concerns is through their removal west of the Mississippi. This position conflicts with his earlier recognition of Cherokee claims. Grant Rutherford B. Hayes James A. Garfield Chester A. Roosevelt Harry S. Truman Dwight D. Eisenhower John F. Kennedy Lyndon B.
Bush Bill Clinton George W. Help inform the discussion Support the Miller Center. University of Virginia Miller Center. Breadcrumb U. April 28, John C. Calhoun to advocate for creation of another federal bank.
In , Congress finally gave in, and the following year, the second Bank of the United States reopened in Philadelphia. The new bank was much more far-reaching in scope than its predecessor, providing extensive credit to farmers and businesses and financing the shipping of goods and agricultural crops both to domestic and foreign markets.
The new bank was one of the biggest companies in the nation, and its clout enabled it to control the interest rates that other banks could charge to borrowers. But there was still a lot of opposition. In , Maryland legislators passed a law imposing a stamp tax on currency issued by second Bank of the United States, in an effort to hinder it from doing business. McCulloch, refused to pay the tax. State officials won their case in the Maryland courts, which led the bank to appeal to the U.
Supreme Court, which began to hear arguments in the case on Feb. Both sides had high-powered lawyers to represent them. Martin had famously walked out of the Constitutional Convention proceedings because he opposed the creation of a strong central government. Speaking on behalf of the bank was Daniel Webster , an attorney and skilled orator who served in both the U. House and the Senate in his career, and was an advocate of a strong, activist federal government.
Webster, in turn, argued that Article I, Section 8 of the U. Creating the Bank of the United States, Webster argued, was necessary and proper for the purpose of levying and collecting taxes, borrowing money, supporting armed forces, regulating commerce, and other crucial functions of the government. This could not be done by confiding the choice of means to such narrow limits as not to leave it in the power of Congress to adopt any which might be appropriate, and which were conducive to the end.
This is, we think, the unavoidable consequence of that supremacy which the constitution has declared. Although McCulloch v. This order caused the national bank to lose a lot of its power and influence.
In , the U. However, in the early s, a succession of banking crises prompted Congress to revise the idea of a national bank, and in , the Federal Reserve System was created. Ultimately, McCulloch v. Supreme Court, Opinion in McCulloch v. Maryland Maryland , by David S.
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